The Risk Factors for Atherosclerosis in Children of Parents Who Had Early Cardiovascular Disease or Those Followed for Hyperlipidemia
Risk Factors for Atherosclerosis in Children
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16583811Keywords:
Atherosclerosis, carotid intima-media thickness, hyperlipidemia, risk factorsAbstract
Abstract
Introduction: Atherosclerosis describes the pathology that causes serious ischemic diseases such as stroke and myocardial infarction that these pathologies are the most common causes of morbidity and mortality. Although clinical results appear in adulthood, the process of atherosclerosis begins in childhood.
In our study, we aimed to investigate cardiovascular risk factors in children with a family history of early cardiovascular disease or those followed up for hyperlipidemia.
Matherial and Method: The children / grandchildren, whose ages were between 2 and 18 of the patients who have had myocardial infarct in their early ages ( <55-year-old ) and stabil angina, and for whom invazive diagnosis techniques have been applied to detect a cardiovascular disease or who are followed for hyperlipidemia. One hundred and three cases and 103 controls which have not had any mentioned risk factors exist in the study. The structural measurement of the cases were recorded, blood pressure and carotid intima media thickness are measured, fasting blood glucose, cholesterol and lipoprotein values are obtained and smoking was examined.
Results: In our study, cholesterol levels were found to be significantly higher than in the control group (165.60 ± 50.17 mg/dl and 148.90 ± 34.30 mg/dl, respectively). In addition, HDL value was also significantly higher in the study group (50.01 ± 13.42 mg/dl) than in the control group (37.05 ± 13.98 mg/dl). On the other hand, triglyceride value was significantly higher in the control group than in the study group (95.00 ± 53.43 mg/dl vs 76.60 ± 49.20 mg/dl, respectively). No significant differences were found between the two groups in terms of anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, low-density lipoprotein, lipoprotein (a) levels and carotid intima media measurements.
Conclusion: In our study, total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein were found to be significantly higher in the case group, and triglyceride was found to be significantly higher in the controls. It is known that the atherosclerosis process begins in childhood and accelerates in individuals with risk factors.
Downloads
References
References
1. Bornaun H, Öner N, Nişli K, et al. Assessment of lipid profile and some risk factors of atherosclerosis in children whose parents had early onset coronary artery disease. Arch Argent Pediatr. 2017 Feb 1;115(1):50-54. English, Spanish. doi: 10.5546/aap.2017.eng.50. PMID: 28097840.
2. Andreotti F, Crea F, Patti G, et al. Family history in first degree relatives of patients with premature cardiovascular disease. Int J Cardiol. 2021 Jun 15;333:215-218. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2021.03.026. Epub 2021 Mar 15. PMID: 33737169.
3. Ranthe MF, Carstensen L, Oyen N, et al. Family history of premature death and risk of early onset cardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012 Aug 28;60(9):814-21. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.06.018. PMID: 22917005.
4. Nasir K, Michos ED, Rumberger JA, et al. Coronary artery calcification and family history of premature coronary heart disease: sibling history is more strongly associated than parental history. Circulation. 2004 Oct 12;110(15):2150-6. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000144464.11080.14. Epub 2004 Oct 4. PMID: 15466626.
5. Chacko M, Sarma PS, Harikrishnan S, Zachariah G, Jeemon P. Family history of cardiovascular disease and risk of premature coronary heart disease: A matched case-control study. Wellcome Open Res. 2020 Jun 12;5:70. doi: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15829.2. PMID: 32518841; PMCID: PMC7256470.
6. Muchira JM, Gona PN, Mogos MF, et al. Parental cardiovascular health predicts time to onset of cardiovascular disease in offspring. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2022 May 6;29(6):883-891. doi: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwaa072. PMID: 33624039.
7. McGill Jr HC, McMahan CA, Herderick EE, Malcom GT, Tracy RE, Strong JP. Origin of atherosclerosis in childhood and adolescence. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;1307–15
8. Nicklas TA, von Duvillard SP, Berenson GS. Tracking of serum lipids and lipoproteins from childhood to dyslipidemia in adults: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Int J Sports Med. 2002 May;23 Suppl 1:S39-43. doi: 10.1055/s-2002-28460. PMID: 12012261.
9. Cuomo S, Guarini P, Gaeta G, de Michele M, Boeri F, Dorn J. Increaed carotid intimamedia thicness in children-adolescents, and young adults with a parental history of premature myocardial infarction. European Heart Journal;2002:1345–50
10. Szamosi T, Murber A, Szamosi T Jr, Tory V, Kosztolicz A, Sztankitis K. Atherosklerosis risc faktors in children of high risk families. Acta Physiol Hung;1999:185–90
11. Weijmans M, van der Graaf Y, Reitsma JB, Visseren FL. Paternal or maternal history of cardiovascular disease and the risk of cardiovascular disease in offspring. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol. 2015 Jan 20;179:409-16. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.11.017. Epub 2014 Nov 5. PMID: 25464496.
12. Silva DR, Werneck AO, Collings PJ, et al. Family history of cardiovascular disease and parental lifestyle behaviors are associated with offspring cardiovascular disease risk markers in childhood. Am J Hum Biol. 2017 Sep 10;29(5). doi: 10.1002/ajhb.22995. Epub 2017 Mar 11. PMID: 28295804.
13. Davidson DM, Van Camp J, Iftner CA, Landry SM, Bradley BJ, Wong ND. Family history fails to detect the majority of children with high capillary blood total cholesterol. J Sch Health. 1991 Feb;61(2):75-80. doi: 10.1111/j.1746-1561.1991.tb03241.x. PMID: 2016863
14. Barth JA, Deckelbaum RJ, Stare TJ. Family history of early cardiovascular disease in children with moderate to severe hypercholesterolemia: relatioship to lipoprotein (a) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. J Lab Clin Med;1999:237–44
15. Gotto AM Jr. Triglyceride as a risk factor for coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol;1998:22–25
16. Dholpuria R, Raja S, Gupta BK, Chahar CK, Panwar RB. Atherosclerotic risk factors in adolescents. Indian Journal of Pediatrics;2007:823–6
17. Savar S, Taşar MA, Tıraş U, Dallar Y. 5–15 yaş çocuklarda serum lipid düzeyi ve atkileyen faktörler. Ege Tıp Dergisi;2008:35–45
18. Vulic D, Loncar S, Ostojic M, Marinkovic J, Vulic B, Wong ND. Risk factor indicators in offspring of patients with premature coronary heart disease in Banja Luka region/Republic of Srpska/Bosnia and Herzegovina. Arch Med Sci. 2016 Aug 1;12(4):736-41. doi: 10.5114/aoms.2016.60958. Epub 2016 Jul 1. PMID: 27478453; PMCID: PMC4947620.
19. Glueck CJ, Heiss G, Morrison JA, Khoury P, Moore M. Alcohol intake, cigarette smoking and plasma lipids and lipoproteins in 12–19 year old children. The Collaborative Lipid Research Clinics Prevalance Study. Circulation;1981:48–56
20. Laskorewsky P, Morrison JA, Mellies MT. Relationships of measurements of body mass to plasma lipoproteins in schoolchildren and adults. Am J Epidemiol;1980:395–406
21. Pac-Kozuchowska E, Krawiec P, Grywalska E. Selected risk factors for atherosclerosis in children and their parents with positive family history of premature cardiovascular diseases: a prospective study. BMC Pediatr. 2018 Apr 3;18(1):123. doi: 10.1186/s12887-018-1102-2. PMID: 29615006; PMCID: PMC5883418.
22. Mehta A, Virani SS, Ayers CR, et al. Lipoprotein(a) and Family History Predict Cardiovascular Disease Risk. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020 Aug 18;76(7):781-793. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.06.040. PMID: 32792075.
23. Sawabe M, Tanaka N, Nakahara K, et al. High lipoprotein (a) level promotes both coronary atherosclerosis and myokardial infarction: a path analysis a large number of autopsy cases. Heart;2009:1997–2002
24. Dirisamer A, Widhalm H, Aldover-Macasaet E, Molzer S, Widhalm K. Elevated Lp(a) with a small apo(a) isoform in children: risk factor for the development of premature coronary artery disease. Acta Paediatr;2008:1653–7
25. Kronenberg F, Mora S, Stroes ESG, et al. Lipoprotein(a) in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and aortic stenosis: a European Atherosclerosis Society consensus statement. Eur Heart J. 2022 Oct 14;43(39):3925-3946. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac361. PMID: 36036785; PMCID: PMC9639807.
26. Bots ML, Hoffman A, De Bruyn AM. Isolated systolic hypertantion and vessel wall thickness of the carotid artery. The Rotterdam Elderly Study. Athersoclerosis and Thrombosis;1993:64–9
27. Muntner P, He J, Culler JA, Wildmann RP, Whelton PK. Trends in blood presure among children and adolescents. JAMA;2004:2107–13
28. Kayikcioglu M, Ozkan HS, Yagmur B. Premature Myocardial Infarction: A Rising Threat. Balkan Med J. 2022 Mar 14;39(2):83-95. doi: 10.4274/balkanmedj.galenos.2022-2-19. PMID: 35330552; PMCID: PMC8941233.
29. Valdez R, Greenlund KJ, Khoury MJ, Yoon PW. Is family history a useful tool for detecting children at risk for diabetes and cardiovascular diseases? A public health perspective. Pediatrics. 2007 Sep;120 Suppl 2:S78-86. doi: 10.1542/peds.2007-1010G. PMID: 17767009.
30. Baldassare D, Amato M, Pustiana L. Measurement of carotid artery intima-media thickness in dislipidemic patients increases the power of traditional risk factors to product cardiovascular events. Atherosclerosis;2007:403–8
31. Bots ML. Carotid intima-media thickness as a surrugate marker for cardiovascular disease in intervention studies. Current Medical Research and Opinion;2006:2181–7
32. Raitakari OT, Juonala M, Kahonen M, et al. Cardiovascular risk factors in childhood and carotid artery intima-media hickness in adulthood. JAMA;2003:2277–83
33. Murali A, Mambatta AK, Ranganathan RR, Shanmugasundaram R, Deepalakshmi K. Comparison of Carotid Intima Media Thickness in Children of Patients with and without Premature Coronary Artery Disease. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016 Dec;10(12):OC29-OC31. doi: 10.7860/JCDR/2016/22625.9012. Epub 2016 Dec 1. PMID: 28208908; PMCID: PMC5296481.
34. Barra S, Gaeta G, Cuomo S, Guarini P, Foglia MC, Capozzi G. Early increase of carotid intima-media thickness in children with parental history of premature myocardial infarction. Heart;2009:642–5
35. Jarvisalo MJ, Jartti L, Nantö-Salonen K, Irjala K, Rönnemma T, Hartiala JJ. Increased aortic intima-media thickness: a marker of preclinical athersclerosis in high-risk children. Circulation;2001:2943–7
36. Gaeta G, De Michele M, Cuomo S, Guarini P. Arterial abnormalities in the offspring of patientas with premature myocardial infarction. New Eng J Med;2000:840–7
37. Neal WA. Disorders of lipoproteins metabolism and transport. Behrman RE, Kliegman RM, Jenson HB, editors. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics 18th edition. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier. 2007,p558
38. Kavey REW, Daniels SR, Lauer RM, Atkins DL, Hayman LL, Taubert K. American Heart Association Guidelines for primary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease beginning in childhood. Circulation;2003:1562–6
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Eyup Aslan, Vesile Meltem Energin, Mehmet Yazici
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
